By Molly Thomas
Roles:
Lucille:
Soubrette characters, Hot-corn Girl
Jack Sheppard in Jack Sheppard
Jenny Fairlove, Lovely Nancy, Miss Tambo, Count Navarino Fitz Fuddle and Belcher Sue in Three Fast Men, or, The Female Robinson Crusoes
Co-directed Sickles, or, The Washington Tragedy, or, The Sickles Case
Lady Isabel (or Lady Isabella) and Mme. Vine in East Lynne
Thisbe in The Actress of Padus
Miami, The Huntress of the Mississippi in Green Bushes
Margaret Rookly in The Child Stealer
Nancy Sikes in Oliver Twist
Lucretia Borgia in Lucrezia Borgia
Leah in Leah
Other plays: Jenny Lind, Eyadne, Duchess of Malfi
Helen:
Eva in Uncle Tom’s Cabin (age 5)
Mungo Jim, Rosalie, Petite Charm, Guitar, Young America. in Three Fast Men, or, The Female Robinson Crusoe,
Jack Sheppard in Jack Sheppard
Co-directed Sickles, or, The Washington Tragedy, or, The Sickles Case
Cynthia in The Flowers of the Forrest
Camille Gautier in Camille!
Mathilde in The French Spy
Paul in Pet of Petticoats
Other plays: Green Bushes, Jenny Lind, The Two Gregories.
——————-
Introduction:
Lucille and Helen Western were both born in 1843, Lucille on January 8, in New Orleans, and Helen, the younger sister, at a time and place unknown.[1] They were the daughters of Geo and Jane Western, a celebrated American comedian (“one of the best the American stage has ever known” [The World, January 1877]), and actress of considerable fame respectively.[2]
Lucille made her debut at age six, dancing and playing small parts at the National Theatre in Boston, in 1849.[3] Helen’s first performance was as Eva in the popular American melodrama, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, at age five.[4] Lucille or Helen’s second stage appearance may have been in 1852, in a dancing display at a theatre in Bangor, Maine,. Although in advertisements for the event, reference is only made to a “Miss Western,” so it is unclear which of the two was performing, or whether the reference is to some other Miss Western.[5]
Their parents being performers, Helen and Lucille enjoyed an upbringing amidst the “life of the coulisses”oth were considered bright children, with “more than ordinary” personal charms. Later they became known for their “graceful and elegant figures.”[6]
Early Career and Reputation:
In October 1854, the sisters performed in Jack Sheppard at the Market Hall in Bangor, Maine. Lucille, then 11, was praised by the Portland State of Maine for her “peculiarly piquant and brilliant style,” in portraying the title role. It was predicted that the combination of her “great personal attractions” and “correct taste,” would make her “one of the brightest lights of the American stage.”[7] Strangely, nothing is said of Helen’s performance. It is even unclear what role she played. Perhaps, this is the beginning of a new dynamic between the two sisters, with Helen often living in Lucille’s shadow of stardom.
The Three Fast Men:
Lucille and Helen’s father died of consumption while the girls were still young. Their mother Jane went on to marry James B. English, manager of the National Theatre in Boston. He was, according to some critics, “anything but a model father from a moral point of view.” It was at his theatre that the girls made their official debut in April 1858, in a piece he wrote, called the Three Fast Men, (or, The Female Robinson Crusoe(s)). The play, however, was soon withdrawn because many considered its tone too immoral for the theatre.[8] Nevertheless, the sisters continued to perform it in other cities, with great success.
The Three Fast Men was a military drama in which Lucille and Helen played several characters each, and reportedly performed 20 songs and 10 dances.[9] In four acts, it followed the “unfortunate adventures” of a “green” young gentleman named Harry Jordan, (played by M. Fitzgerald), in search of an elephant.[10] The scenery included local scenes, such as the St. Nicholas Hotel, the Five Points, Tyron Row, and Fireman’s Hall. Lucille played Jenny Fairlove, Lovely Nancy, Miss Tambo, Belcher Sue, and Count Navarino Fitz Fuddle, as well as a sporting man in a gambling hall, for which she received many accolades. Helen played Rosalie, Petite Charm, Guitar, Young America and Mungo Jim.[11] A production at The Bowery in February 1860 also included Mr. Johnny Forbes (a champion drummer and violinist), Miss U.F. Walters, “Maggy,” (a comedian), and a Mr. S.E. Brown in a character called Jerry Blossom.[12]
In 1858, after their debut in Boston, Lucille and Helen took Three Fast Men to New York, and were well received at The Bowery Theatre. The New York Herald described them as “beautiful and clever,”[13] with “great versatile talent.”[14] Near the end of their three-week engagement, it was observed that the two girls had made several “conquests” among the “habitués” of the theatre.[15] Subsequently, the management engaged them for an extra two days.[16]In the fall, the sisters had engagements in St. Louis,[17] and at McVicker’s Theatre, Chicago.[18] They were tremendously successful. One St. Louis man, particularly taken with Lucille, wrote a short poem in her praise upon their departure:
“Though you leave us, sweet Lucille,
Within our hearts your form is placed;
Your memory we will cherish still,
With the merry piece your beauty graced.”
“We love you for your gentle main;
We love you for that sunny smile;
We trust that life may ever seem
To you a garden without guile.[19]
The Sickles Case:
In 1859, Lucille and Helen co-directed a thrilling drama in Boston called Sickles, or The Washington Tragedy. The Daily Evening Bulletin called it a “master piece of Athenian genius.”[20] The play was based on the scandalizing murder trial of a prominent New York congressman named Daniel Sickles, which captured the nation’s attention in April of 1859. Sickles was charged with the murder of Philip Barton Key, Washington’s District Attorney, having gunned him down in broad daylight just steps from the White House. The circumstances around the trial were likened to an Italian opera plot, Sickles’ motive being the adulterous affair between his wife Teresa and Mr. Key. The case was also unusual, and made history in that Sickles was found not guilty based on a plea of temporary insanity.[21] The Star Sisters were some of several theatre-makers who capitalized on these dramatic events to create popular stage productions. Also in 1859, Lucille and Helen performed together at the Bowery Theatre in New York in two plays, Green Bushes and Jenny Lind.[22]
Individual Careers
In the early 1860s, the Star Sisters parted ways. Helen performed in Cleveland, Ohio at the Academy of Music, in a melo-drama called The French Spy, playing the three lead characters.[23] For one of these, Mathilde, Helen was praised for her beautiful form, her graceful pantomime, and her “vigorous, energetic action Plays like The French Spy told their stories without dialogue. Instead, the lead characters used songs and gesturing to tell the story, and title cards were used to propel the narrative.[24] While at the Academy, Helen also played Paul in Paul, the Pet of Petticoats.[25] She then went on to perform at Howard’s Athenaeum in Boston, playing male, female and “demonic” roles.[26] Demonic characters were typified as passionate, wild, even savage in spirit, and deeply connected to nature. Notable examples are Miami in Green Bushes, or Cynthia in The Flowers of the Forest.[27]
East Lynne:
Lucille became famous for her emotional performances in a drama called East Lynne as Lady Isabel (or Lady Isabella, an erring and repentant wife character) and Mme. Vine. East Lynne was a stage adaptation of a popular novel, dramatized by New York theatrical manager Clitton W. Tayleure, which Lucille toured around the United States.[28] In 1862, “with much ability,” she played it to crowded houses in Philadelphia at the Academy of Music.[29] In February 1863 she played four nights a week in Baltimore and two nights a week in Philadelphia.[30] In late March she performed it at The Winter Garden Theatre in New York, the New York Herald remarking that her acting was “powerful but eccentric,” and that the theatre was “drowned beneath a deluge of tears.”[31] Until the end of April, she continued at the Winter Garden and also performed at the Brooklyn Academy in The Actress of Padus (as Thisbe), The Eton Boy,[32] and the title roles in Don Caesar de Bazan and Lucretia Borgia.[33] Returning to Philadelphia,[34] she played at both the Walnut Theatre in September, as Miami, the Huntress of the Mississippi in Green Bushes,[35] and at the Chestnut Street Theatre in October, with East Lynne.[36] In November 1863, she played at Grover’s Theatre in Washington, again as Lady Isabel in East Lynne. Critics at the National Daily Intelligencer praised her successful impersonation of the erring and repentant wife character. By this point in her career, she had risen to stardom, evidenced by the announcement of her arrival in Washington, as “great artist who now occupies the proudest position in the entire galaxy of female American stars.”[37]
While at Grover’s, Lucille also played to large crowds as Nancy Sykes in Oliver Twist, and the Daily National Intelligencer insisted she had no equal in America.[38] She also played three different characters in The French Spy,[39] a “thrilling drama” which the American and United States Gazette remarked was sure to feature the fine pantomime action and expressive face that had made her a favourite in northern cities during her East Lynne tour.[40]
Helen’s Death:
On December 11, 1868, Helen died in Washington, D.C. at the Kirkwood House, a Washington hotel, between 8:00 and 9:00 a.m.. There is discrepancy as to whether she was twenty-three, twenty-eight or even older at the time.[41] She had previously been performing in Pittsburgh, and then in Washington, at Wall’s Opera House, playing a character called Cynthia in The Flowers of the Forrest. According to The National Republican, her health had already deteriorated such that at the end of the performance, she was so ill she had to be carried off the stage, and was immediately taken to Kirkwood House. It was hoped that she would make a full recovery, but her disease, the name or symptoms of which are unclear, took a turn for the worse. She died after two weeks, and her remains were then were then sent back to Boston with her agent, Mr. Wing, to be interred.[42]
Lucille’s Death:
Lucille died in January of 1877 of pneumonia. According to an obituary in The Daily Argus, her final moments were no less dramatic than those she performed onstage. Lying on a sofa while her bed was being remade, she called her agent, (Arthur G. Cambridge) to her side and said absent-mindedly, “It is time to go to the theatre.” Mr. Cambridge reassured her that her role would be played that by another actress, at which Lucille gasped, “Oh, yes, I remember.” Yet, a few minutes later she called for Cambridge to come back and, clasping him around the neck told him, “Arthur, I am going to die. You have been very good to me. But I am going to rest at last.” Then she fell backward, dead. Mr. Cambridge later said, “She died like a little child. As good as a woman as ever lived and as kind hearted as she could be; a better never walked the boards.” The obituary describes Lucille as a kind and charitable woman, known for her generosity, providing loans to fellow performers in need, and acting in more benefits than any actress in the country. But this generosity, coupled with her unhappy marriage and divorce to a “half-gambler, half theatrical hanger-on” named James B. Meade, left her in moderate economic circumstances at the time of her death, despite having earned nearly half a million dollars during her career.[43]
In terms of her performance, the obituary writer in The Daily Argus says Lucille had “as little refinement off the stage as she had on it,” but compares her to an unpolished diamond. Lucille was considered gifted with mimetic talent. Her performances had a vital intensity, and overflowed with “animal spirits.” In East Lynne she proved herself an emotionally intense actress, but was never considered technically advanced as an actress. As the obituary writer concludes “she afforded entertainment of the intense and somewhat unwholesome kind to millions, but it may well be doubted that she ever did more. She will abide in the record as one of the gifted, uncultivated and originally beautiful women who gave their personalities to the drama, and when death removed them there was little left but a sorrowful recollection.”[44]
Reputation of the Star Sisters:
There appears to be dispute amongst critics about which “Star Sister” was the greater performer. A biographical piece published in the Memphis Daily Appeal, shortly after Helen’s death argued that, though they followed similar career trajectories, Lucille possessed “greater natural talents.”[45] Indeed, they had similar repertoires, and Helen is at one point referred to as a “faithful copy” of Lucille, exhibiting “all the peculiar and marked traits of her sister’s acting.” She was perhaps prettier than Lucille in looks, but inferior in histrionic merit.[46] Helen, like Lucille is described as “kind-hearted, cheerful in disposition, and easy to please.” Yet, the Memphis Daily Appeal writer takes care to inform us that “the grave covers all faults” and that common practice has made it a rule of respect to “tell all the good and suppress all the evil that might be said of public persons after their decease.” This can perhaps be read as a veiled criticism of Helen’s character. Nevertheless, in the end, like her sister, Helen died with little affluence despite having earned, in estimate, upwards of $200,000 during her career.[47]
———–
[1] Brown, T. Allston, “WESTERN, LUCILLE,” History of the American Stage, (New York: Dick & Fitzgerald, 1870). 387, col. 1, entry 2, Web., September 10, 2015, accessed online through Victorian Popular Culture. Adam Matthew. May 4, 2015.
Ibid., “WESTERN, HELEN,” 387, col. 1, entry 1.
[2] “LUCILLE WESTERN,” The Daily Argus, (Rock Island, Illinois), January 22, 1877, 2 of 4, col. 1, middle, Web., September 10, 2015, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, Library of Congress, http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn92053942/1877-01-22/ed-1/seq-2/.
[3] Brown, “WESTERN. LUCILLE.”
[4] “Death of Miss Helen Western,” The National Republican. Washington, D.C. (December 12, 1868): 2, col. 1, bottom, Web, September 10, 2015, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, Library of Congress, http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86053571/1868-12-12/ed-1/seq-2/.
[5] “The Drama,” Bangor Daily Whig & Courier 285, June 2, 1852, image 1, col. 1, full entry. Web., June 13, 2015. 19th Century U.S. Newspapers, http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3007176900&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”The Drama”/> <p> <b><i>Bangor Daily Whig & Courier</i></b>. Jun 2, 1852</p.
[6] “LUCILLE WESTERN,” The Daily Argus, January 22, 1877.
[7] “Theatre at Market Hall,” Bangor Daily Whig & Courier 105, October 31, 1854, 2, image 1, col. 1, full, Web. June 11, 2015. 19th Century U.S. Newspapers,http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3007192202&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”Theatre at Market Hall”/> <p> <b><i>Bangor Daily Whig & Courier</i></b>. Oct 31, 1854</p.
[8] “LUCILLE WESTERN,” The Daily Argus, January 22, 1877.
[9] “Richmond Theatre,” The Richmond Daily Dispatch, April 9, 1860, 2, col. 3, middle, Web, September 10, 2015, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, Library of Congress, http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3003668255&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”Operatic and Dramatic Matters”/> <p> <b><i>The New York Herald</i></b>. Feb 6, 1860</p.
[10] “Multiple Arts & Entertainment Items,” New York Herald, March 30, 1858: 7. Image 1, col. 1, middle. Web., June 6, 2015, 19th Century U.S. Newspapers,http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3003640481&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”Musical and Dramatic Matters”/> <p> <b><i>New York Herald</i></b>. Mar 29, 1858</p.
[11] “Richmond Theatre,” The Richmond Daily Dispatch, April 9, 1860.
[12] “Multiple Classified Advertisements,” New York Herald, February 8, 1860, 7, image 1, col. 4, 1/3 down, Web., June 9, 2015, 19th Century U.S. Newspapers, http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3003668445&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”Multiple Classified Advertisements”/> <p> <b><i>The New York Herald</i></b>. Feb 8, 1860</p .
[13] “Musical and Dramatic Matters,” New York Herald, March 29, 1858, 5, image 1, col. 1, middle, Web., June 11, 2015, 19th Century U.S. Newspapers,http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3003640481&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”Musical and Dramatic Matters”/> <p> <b><i>New York Herald</i></b>. Mar 29, 1858</p.
[14] “Multiple Arts & Entertainment Items,” New York Herald, March 30, 1858.
[15] “Multiple Arts & Entertainment Items,” New York Herald, April 17, 1858, 4, image 1, col. 1, top, Web., June 6, 2015, 19th Century U.S. Newspapers,http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3009142877&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”Multiple Arts & Entertainment Items”/> <p> <b><i>The New York Herald</i></b>. Apr 17, 1858</p.
[16] “Musical and Dramatic Matters,” New York Herald, April 19, 1858, 5, image 1, col. 1, bottom, Web., June 6, 2015, 19th Century U.S. Newspapers, http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3009142976&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”Musical and Dramatic Matters”/> <p> <b><i>The New York Herald</i></b>. Apr 19, 1858</p.
[17] “Theatrical Items,” Daily Missouri Republican, September 5, 1858, n.p., image 1, col. 2, ¼ down, Web., June 6, 2015, 19th Century U.S. Newspapers, http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3009138247&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”Theatrical Items”/> <p> <b><i>Daily Missouri Republican</i></b>. Sep 5, 1858</p.
[18] “Theatrical Movements,” New York Herald, December 19, 1858, n.p., image 1, col. 1, ½ down, Web., June 13, 2015, 19th Century U.S. Newspapers, http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3003630409&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”Theatrical Movements”/> <p> <b><i>The New York Herald</i></b>. Dec 19, 1858</p.
[19] Wheeling daily intelligencer, (Wheeling, Virginia), October 12, 1858.
[20] “Additional Items by the Overland Mail,” Daily Evening Bulletin, San Francisco, California, June 1, 1859, n.p., image 1, col. 1, top, Web., June 9, 2015, 19th Century U.S. Newspapers, http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3000043293&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”Additional Items by the Overland Mail”/> <p> <b><i>Daily Evening Bulletin</i></b>. Jun 1, 1859</p.
[21] “Daniel Sickles Trial: 1859 …” Notable Trials and Court Cases-1833-1882, 2015. Web., June 20, 2015, Net Industries and its Licensors, a href=”http://law.jrank.org/pages/2555/Daniel-Sickles-Trial-1859.html”>Daniel Sickles Trial: 1859 – Lafayefte Park Killing, Mobilizing The Defense, Cold-blooded Murder Or Justifiable Homicide?, Public Opinion Turns Against Sickles</a
[22] “Musical and Dramatic Matters,” New York Herald, July 11, 1859, 5, image 1, col. 1, middle, Web., June 11, 2015, 19th Century U.S. Newspapers,http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3017380543&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”Musical and Dramatic Matters”/> <p> <b><i>New York Herald</i></b>. Jul 11, 1859</p.
[23] “Academy of Music,” Daily Cleveland Herald, November 14, 1864, n.p., image 1, col. 1, full, Web., June 13, 2015, 19th Century U.S. Newspapers, http://find.galegroup.com/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3005175952&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”Academy of Music”/> <p> <b><i>The Daily Cleveland Herald</i></b>. Nov 14, 1864</p.
[24] “Definition,” “History The beginning,” “19th Century,” History, Web., September 6, 2015, Pantomime-Mime, pantomimes-mimes.com, http://www.pantomimes-mimes.com/pantomime-history.html#oben
[25] “Academy of Music,” Daily Cleveland Herald, November 15, 1864, n.p., image 1, col, 1, full, Web., June 13, 2015, 19th Century U.S. Newspapers, http://find.galegroup.com/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3005176032&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”Academy of Music”/> <p> <b><i>The Daily Cleveland Herald</i></b>. Nov 15, 1864</p.
[26] “Dramatic and Musical,” Boston Daily Advertiser, November 26, 1864, n.p., image 1, col. 1, par. 5, Web., June 14, 2015, 19th Century U.S. Newspapers, http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3006403364&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”Dramatic and Musical”/> <p> <b><i>Boston Daily Advertiser</i></b>. Nov 26, 1864</p.
[27] Davis, Tracy C., Ellen Donkin, eds., “XI,” Women and Playwrighting in Nineteenth-Century Britain, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1999, 102.
[28] “Dramatic, Musical, &c.,” North American and United States Gazette, (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), December 15, 1862, n.p., image 1, col. 1, entry 3, Web., June 11, 2015, 19th Century U.S. Newspapers, http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3009295710&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”Dramatic, Musical, &c.”/> <p> <b><i>North American and United States Gazette</i></b>. Dec 15, 1862</p.
[29] Ibid.
[30] “Theatrical,” New York Herald, February 23, 1863, 5, image 1, col. 1, ¾ down, Web. June 14, 2015, 19th Century U.S. Newspapers, http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3003725476&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”Theatrical”/> <p> <b><i>The New York Herald</i></b>. Feb 23, 1863</p.
[31] Ibid., March 27, 1863, 5, image 1, col. 1, entry 2, Web., June 15, 2015, 19th Century U.S. Newspapers, http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3003735457&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”Theatrical”/> <p>The New Play at Laura Keene’s <b><i>The New York Herald</i></b>. Mar 27, 1863</p.
[32] Ibid., April 11, 1863, 7, image 1, col. 1, entry 2, Web., June 15, 2015, 19th Century U.S. Newspapers, http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3003719083&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”Theatrical”/> <p> <b><i>The New York Herald</i></b>. Apr 11, 1863</p.
[33] Ibid., April 24, 1863, 4, image 1, col. 1, entry 1, Web., June 15, 2015, 19th Century U.S. Newspapers, http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3003720142&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”Theatrical”/> <p> <b><i>New York Herald</i></b>. Apr 24, 1863</p.
[34] “Dramatic, Musical, &c.,” North American and United States Gazette, (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), May 4, 1863, n.p., image 1, col. 1, bottom, Web., June 15, 2015, 19th Century U.S. Newspapers, http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3008034702&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”Dramatic, Musical, &c.”/> <p> <b><i>North American and United States Gazette</i></b>. May 4, 1863</p.
[35] Ibid., September 21, 1863.
[36] Ibid.,October 19, 1863.
[37] “Grover’s Theatre,” Daily National Intelligencer, (Washington, District Of Columbia), November 2, 1863, n.p., image 1, col. 1, full, Web., June 15, 2015, 19th Century U.S. Newspapers, http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3017871366&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”Grover’s Theatre”/> <p> <b><i>Daily National Intelligencer</i></b>. Nov 2, 1863</p.
[38] Ibid., November 7, 1863.
[39] Ibid., November 12, 1863.
[40] “Dramatic, Musical, &c.,” North American and United States Gazette, May 4, 1863.
[41] “Helen Western. Her Death—Brief Resume of her Career,” Memphis Daily Appeal, (Dowagiac, Michigan), December 16, 1868, 1, col. 5, bottom, September 10, 2015, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, Library of Congress, http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045160/1868-12-16/ed-1/seq-1/.
[42] “Death of Miss Helen Western,” The National Republican, (Washington, D.C.), December 12, 1868, 2, col. 1, bottom, September 10, 2015, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, Library of Congress,http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86053571/1868-12-12/ed-1/seq-2/.
[43] “LUCILLE WESTERN,” The Daily Argus, January 22, 1877.
[44] Ibid.
[45] “Helen Western. Her Death…” Memphis Daily Appeal, December 16, 1868.
[46] “Dramatic, Musical, & C.,” North American and United States Gazette, (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), February 7, 1865, n.p., image 1, col. 1, top, Web., June 14, 2015, 19th Century U.S. Newspapers, http://find.galegroup.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/ncnp/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=NCNP&userGroupName=yorku_main&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=GT3009314648&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 c:set var=”TI” value=”Dramatic, Musical, & C.”/> <p> <b><i>North American and United States Gazette</i></b>. Feb 7, 1865</p.
Ibid., March 13, 1865, n.p. image 1, col. 1, top, URL.
[47] “Helen Western. Her Death…” Memphis Daily Appeal, December 16, 1868.